Tuesday, June 12, 2018

"Conflict within the ranks": the emergence and disappearance of Socialism in early Twentieth-Century Montana


     Anyone who skims or peruses old Central Montanan newspapers from around the turn of the (19th) century cannot avoid noticing that the denizens of that region were (they still are!) mighty conservative—as in "classical liberal" or "libertarian." True, the conservative and dominant Fergus County Argus had competition, for a time, from the Fergus County Democrat, but these Democrats were not socialists.
     But, as its turns out, socialism did emerge—and soon fade—in Montana during the first two or three decades of the Twentieth Century, and it turns out that Lewistown was the locus of the state's first socialist newspaper!
     That's hard to imagine now, but it's true.
     In the course of my investigations—amounting mostly to rummaging turn-of-the century newspaper articles about Fergus County, MT—I've come upon at least two interesting items from something called the "Montana News":

Montana News, November 8, 1905

Montana News, May 14, 1908
     Wow. Such sentiments stand in crisp contrast to the stodgy and staunch Libertarian notions of the partisanly Republican Fergus County Argus (which, as I said, competed, for a time, with the Fergus County Democrat).

* * *

     First, just who was this "Benjamin Fay Mills"?
     From a site called Biblical Training:
Benjamin Fay Mills
Mills
1857-1916. Evangelist and Christian Socialist. ...[H]e received Congregational ordination in 1878. He served Minnesota, New York, and Vermont pastorates before entering itinerant evangelism in 1886. Using his District Combination Plan, he conducted the most highly organized citywide revivals of the nineteenth century, perfecting many presently used methods. Believing social and economic problems could be solved only by effecting God's kingdom on earth, Mills became the only major evangelist attempting to unite revivalism with the Social Gospel. Finding this impossible, he terminated his itinerancy in 1895 to preach Christian Socialism* in New York and Boston. In 1899, despairing of an evangelical awakening, he became minister to First Unitarian Church, Oakland, California. He founded and led the Los Angeles Fellowship (1904-11) and Chicago Fellowship (1911-14). Repenting of his heterodoxy, he returned to itinerant evangelism in 1915.
     OK, but what was "Christian Socialism"?
     From the same site:
     By definition [?] the term applies to the activities of a group of Anglicans between 1848 and 1854, but their ideas inspired subsequent generations. The group, which formed as a response to the Chartist fiasco of 1848, consisted of F.D. Maurice,* J.M.F. Ludlow,* and Charles Kingsley,* though later they were joined by Tom Hughes, Archie Campbell, Vansittart Neale, and others. They reacted against the dominant utilitarianism of the age, laissez-faire economics, and the indifference of the Anglican Church to social issues. Though not united politically, they were united in believing that Christianity stood for a structure of society which would enable men to live and work as brethren, and that competition is not a universal law. Ludlow was the founder of the movement, but Maurice was its prophet and thinker. Maurice had a dread of societies and hated the prospect of Christian Socialism's becoming a party. He aimed to “Christianise Socialism and to Socialise Christendom, not to Christian-Socialise the universe.”
     The day following the failure of the Charter, the group brought out a poster introducing the Christian element into socialism. This was followed by the short-lived, much-criticized journal Politics for the People. Workers suspected this journal as a middle-class trap, but in 1849 the group began regular meetings with workingmen, which improved relations. Kingsley, meanwhile, wrote his novels Yeast and Alton Locke in defense of working-class aspirations, and Ludlow produced a program of founding workers' cooperatives. In 1850 associations of tailors, bakers, needlewomen, builders, bootmakers, and printers were formed, together with a Society for the Promotion of Working Men's Associations. Through lack of money, some of the associations foundered, but the group did make a direct contribution to the Industrial and Providential Societies Act (1852), which gave cooperatives their charter. In 1850 a new journal Christian Socialist appeared and met with much hostility. The driving force of the group was its Monday evening Bible study, though on Fridays it met to discuss social problems and the action to be taken. There were, however, clashes in the group, and from associations Maurice began to turn his attention to education, founding in 1854 the first workingmen's college, soon to be followed by others throughout the country.
     The failure of several associations, the rising prosperity of England, and the indifference of the church at large ended the Christian Socialists, but the movement marked the beginning of modern social concern in the Anglican Church....
     Interesting. During my (now substantial) lifetime, the combining of Christianity and politics has always yielded a decidedly conservative product. Not so during the late 19th Century and early 20th Century. Christians in those days actually made the kinds of moves one might expect, given the humane core of the Christian religion, not the oddly unChristian spasms and assaults of today's usual suspects (Tea Partiers, Trumpists, Christian Right, et al.).

* * *

     Let's turn now to this curious socialist newspaper, the Montana News. Here's what I've found:

     From Library of Congress: About Montana News. (Lewistown, Mont.) 1904-191? [1912]
Montana News (Lewistown, Mont. [actually, Helena, MT]) 
     The Socialist newspaper, the Montana News, has its roots in Lewistown, Montana, as the Judith Basin News published by J. H. Walsh, from April to June 1904. 
     On July 6, 1904 [both articles above are from this period] Walsh resumed publication of the newspaper in Helena [the state capitol] under a new name, the Montana News. The origins of the American Socialist movement are linked to the first national convention of the Social Democratic Party in Indianapolis in the summer of 1901. The Socialist upwelling in Montana can be tied to deadly working conditions in the state’s forests, smelters, and industrial copper mines. The Judith Basin News constituted the first Socialist newspaper in Montana, and its influence was reflected in the mushrooming [ha!] of the party’s membership from 25 in 1901 to 400 in 1904. The Montana News, a four-page, six-column weekly continued operating until January 4, 1912, following the decline of Socialist electoral fortunes in Montana. 
     After moving the Montana News from Lewistown to Helena [in 1904], the owner and editor Walsh located the newspaper at 22 Park Avenue [in Helena], the Socialist Party headquarters. Beginning in 1905, James D. Graham, state secretary of the Socialist Party and Montana’s first Socialist candidate for alderman, assumed the role of business manager. ... In December of 1905 a prominent Colorado suffragist and friend of the labor movement, Ida Crouch-Hazlett, assumed the position of editor. Crouch-Hazlett had played a key role in women winning the vote in Colorado and ran for the U.S. Congress several times as a Socialist. 
     Over the years, the Montana News covered the activities of the U.S. Socialist Party and its the state and local organizations and editorialized about the difficulties women faced in the workplace and community. The paper published front-page cartoons satirizing its political opponents and “capitalistic interests.” Crouch-Hazlett applauded the Socialists for accepting women into their fold without hesitation and affirmed party efforts to promote universal suffrage
     Beginning in 1908, a major schism appeared between the officers of the Montana Socialist Party [in Helena, the state capitol] and the management of the Montana News [run from the party offices]. Lewis Duncan—a Unitarian minister, party leader, and Socialist mayor of Butte (1911-14)—accused Crouch-Hazlett and Graham of misappropriating funds. In 1910, the Montana Socialist Party brought suit against the two newspaper managers [i.e., Crouch-Hazlett and Graham], and that same year Duncan accused Crouch-Hazlett of “living openly in an adulterous and licentious relationship with a former member of the Lewistown local.” [Garsh, I wonder who that guy was?]
     Conflict within the ranks of the Socialist Party both in Montana and nationally contributed to its decline by the early 1920s. Despite its relatively short run, the Montana News provides insight into the rise and fall of a third party in Montana and offers a unique perspective on U.S. politics during the turbulent era framed by rapid industrialization, labor unrest, and the beginning of World War I. (Provided by: Montana Historical Society; Helena, MT)
     Here's part of the Wikipedia article on Crouch-Hazlett:
Big Bill
     Graham and Crouch-Hazlett were accused of the misappropriation of party funds ..., and the matter ended up in the courts. The Unitarian minister Duncan also made morals allegations against Crouch-Hazlett....
     Back of these factional fisticuffs in addition to financial and personal disagreements there lay a policy difference. [The] Local Butte [organization] was at this time warmly supportive of Big Bill Haywood, industrial unionism, and the syndicalist  Industrial Workers of the World, going so far as to endorse Haywood as a potential candidate for President of the United States, while Crouch-Hazlett in Montana News stressed the historic refusal of the Socialist Party to directly intervene in trade union matters.
     In 1910, with Montana News, broken by the factional warfare and party membership down by 45 percent, Crouch-Hazlett again resumed her role as a professional organizer for the  Socialist Party of America. She dedicated the bulk of her time to organizing efforts in the American South from 1914 to 1916. Crouch-Hazlett moved to Brooklyn, New York during the latter part of the decade and ran for New York State Assembly in the 1st District of Kings County, New York on the Socialist ticket in 1920.
     Crouch-Hazlett ended her career as an organizer on behalf of the Socialist Party in 1921. During this final year, Crouch-Hazlett was at least once kidnapped by a band of members of the American Legion, who transported her hundreds of miles before leaving her in a deserted area. This experience did not break Crouch-Hazlett's commitment, but it did nonetheless coincide with an end to her tenure as a Socialist Party organizer.
     Membership in the SPA plummeted during the early part of the 1920s, following its split into rival Socialist and Communist organizations at its 1919 Emergency National Convention. With dues collections drastically diminished, the party was forced to curtail the number of its paid functionaries due to ensuing budgetary difficulties, forcing Hazlett to seek other means of support.
     Crouch-Hazlett visited England, arranging beforehand with British labor activist Jessie Stephen to have her letters typed whilst there.
. . .
     In 1925 Crouch-Hazlett enrolled at New York University in an effort to earn a Doctorate degree. She died in May 1941. Her papers reside among the Social Democratic Party Papers of the Milwaukee County Historical Society in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
     Let's turn, now, to the sentiments expressed in the two items with which I started. I like 'em. (I'm particularly impressed with Mills' inclusion of the adjective "planless" to describe competition in the so-called "free market.")
     Obviously, we are now living through a time of transition, and one naturally guesses that, while the right has turned increasingly to selfishness and tribalism, the left will inevitably turn increasingly to something like the progressivism of Ms. Crouch-Hazlett, James Graham, and Mr. Benjamin Fay Mills a century or so ago.
     We'll see, I guess.
     Things never seem to change, do they? Down, I say, with idle, loafing, vagabond millionaires! Power to the 99%!
     Feel free to disagree, past and present Montanans!

—Roy Bauer (from Orange County, CA!)

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